Nickel in Indonesia: A Valuable Mineral Resource

Nickel in Indonesia: A Valuable Mineral Resource

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Nickel in Indonesia: A Valuable Mineral Resource

Indonesia is one of the largest nickel producers in the world. Its abundant natural resources make nickel a crucial commodity in the global industry, particularly in steel production. This article will discuss nickel in Indonesia, including its mining history, industrial development, challenges faced, and its impact on the country's economy.

Mining History of Nickel in Indonesia

Nickel mining in Indonesia began in the early 20th century. In 1901, a Dutch geologist discovered nickel deposits in the Halmahera Island, North Maluku. Since then, nickel mining has continued to thrive, and Indonesia became the world's largest nickel producer in 2018.

Industrial Development of Nickel in Indonesia

The nickel industry in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. One key factor driving this growth is significant foreign direct investment in the mining and nickel processing sector. In 2009, the Indonesian government implemented a ban on the export of raw nickel ore, which encouraged the development of domestic nickel processing plants, known as smelters.

The establishment of nickel smelters aims to increase the value-added of Indonesia's nickel products and create job opportunities for the local population. Since the implementation of this policy, the number of nickel smelters in Indonesia has significantly increased. Nickel smelters are capable of processing nickel ore into ferronickel, nickel matte, and other derivative products.

Challenges in the Nickel Industry in Indonesia

Although Indonesia has significant potential in the nickel industry, there are still several challenges to be addressed. One of them is environmental issues. Unsustainable nickel mining practices and inadequate supervision of environmentally-friendly mining practices have led to negative impacts on ecosystems and public health in the surrounding areas.

Moreover, fluctuations in nickel prices in the global market pose a challenge to the Indonesian nickel industry. Nickel prices can be influenced by factors such as global demand, export policies of other major producing countries, and technological advancements.

Economic Impact

The nickel industry has a significant impact on Indonesia's economy. The contribution of the nickel sector to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been increasing, driven by production growth and value-added through domestic processing. The nickel industry also creates employment opportunities for thousands of people, both in the mining sector and processing industries.

Furthermore, the government's revenue from the nickel sector, through taxes and royalties, provides a significant contribution to national income and funding for public services and infrastructure development.

Conclusion

Nickel remains a valuable mineral resource for Indonesia. With proper management, the nickel industry can make a substantial contribution to economic growth, job creation, and sustainable development. It is crucial for the government, mining companies, and the local communities to work together to ensure responsible nickel exploitation and long-term benefits for Indonesia and its people.

Ho Chi Minh: A Revolutionary Leader of Vietnam

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Ho Chi Minh: A Revolutionary Leader of Vietnam

 

Nama	Ho Chi Minh
Tanggal Lahir	19 Mei 1890
Tempat Lahir	Kim Lien, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
Kebangsaan	Vietnam
Pekerjaan	Revolutionary Leader, Politician, Writer, Poet
Meninggal Dunia	2 September 1969
Tempat Wafat	Hanoi, North Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh: A Revolutionary Leader of Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) was a revolutionary and independence leader of Vietnam who played a crucial role in the history of Vietnam. He was known as "Bac Ho" or "Uncle Ho" by the Vietnamese people and was respected as one of the founders of modern-day Vietnam.

Early Life

Ho Chi Minh was born on May 19, 1890, in the village of Kim Lien, Nghe An Province, Vietnam, with the name Nguyen Sinh Cung. His father was a schoolteacher and a poet. When Ho Chi Minh was young, he witnessed the French colonization and oppression of Vietnam, which influenced his beliefs and led him to join the Vietnamese independence movement. In 1911, Ho Chi Minh left Vietnam and went to Europe to learn about the independence movement and socialist ideology.

Struggle for Independence

After studying in Europe, Ho Chi Minh joined the Communist International Movement. He also joined the Indonesian independence movement and visited China, the Soviet Union, and Japan to expand his revolutionary network.

In 1941, Ho Chi Minh returned to Vietnam and formed the League for Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) with the goal of driving out the French colonizers and freeing Vietnam from colonial rule. Viet Minh began to launch guerrilla warfare and partisan warfare against the French army, which was trying to regain control of Vietnam after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II.

In 1954, after almost eight years of guerrilla and partisan warfare, Ho Chi Minh led his forces in the successful Battle of Dien Bien Phu, and France recognized the independence of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh then became the president of North Vietnam and organized the building of a new, independent, and socialist state.

Leadership and Influence

As the leader of North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh advocated for socialist policies and emphasized the importance of education and healthcare for the people. He also fought for women's rights, the welfare of the people, and social equality. In the late 1950s, Ho Chi Minh began leading a war against South Vietnam, which was supported by the United States.

Ho Chi Minh was very popular among the Vietnamese people. He was known for being humble, modest, and caring for his people. He often walked, wearing sandals, and dressed in ordinary clothes. He was also known as a writer and poet, and many of his famous writings are still widely read in Vietnam.

Death and Legacy

Ho Chi Minh passed away on September 2, 1969, at the age of 79. However, his legacy of fighting for the independence and unity of Vietnam continues to this day. Vietnam, which is now an independent and united country, has formed a nation with a rich and diverse culture.

Ho Chi Minh is honored as one of the founders of modern-day Vietnam and a leader revered by his people. His leadership and struggle continue to influence the politics and society of Vietnam today. He is considered a symbol of courage and struggle, as well as a symbol of the desire for independence from colonialism and imperialism.

In addition to Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh's influence is felt in other Asian countries that fought for independence from colonization. He has become an inspiration for many leaders and revolutionaries in Asia and around the world.

In Vietnamese history, Ho Chi Minh is remembered as one of the great leaders who brought great change to his people. His leadership and struggle helped to transform Vietnam's destiny from a country that was oppressed and colonized into an independent and rapidly developing country.

In his struggle, Ho Chi Minh emphasized the importance of unity and solidarity among the people, as well as courage and steadfastness in the face of obstacles and challenges. He is an inspiring figure who left behind a legacy of struggle that will be remembered by generations of Vietnamese people to come.

Conclusion

Ho Chi Minh was a remarkable leader who dedicated his life to the fight for independence and social equality. He was an inspiration to many and is remembered as a symbol of the Vietnamese people's struggle against colonialism and imperialism.

Ho Chi Minh's legacy continues to inspire people around the world who fight for independence, freedom, and social justice. His leadership, commitment to the people, and revolutionary ideals will forever be remembered in history.

Sang Legenda Investor dan Filantropis: Perjalanan Warren Buffett Menuju Kesuksesan

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Nama Lengkap	Warren Edward Buffett
Tanggal Lahir	30 Agustus 1930
Tempat Lahir	Omaha, Nebraska, Amerika Serikat
Kebangsaan	Amerika Serikat
Pekerjaan	Investor, CEO Berkshire Hathaway
Net Worth	Lebih dari $100 miliar (2021)
Karir Investasi	Dimulai pada usia muda, dan menjadi miliarder pada usia 56 tahun
Filosofi Investasi	Value investing
Kegiatan Filantropi	Donasi miliaran dolar untuk pendidikan, kesehatan, dan pengentasan kemiskinan. Menjadi signatory dari The Giving Pledge.
Gaya Hidup	Sederhana dan tidak mewah, masih tinggal di rumah yang sama selama lebih dari 50 tahun dan menyukai makanan yang sederhana seperti burger dan kentang goreng.

Warren Buffett adalah salah satu investor terkenal di dunia yang memiliki kekayaan bersih lebih dari $100 miliar pada tahun 2021. Ia dikenal sebagai "Oracle of Omaha" karena kesuksesannya dalam menginvestasikan uangnya di pasar saham dan membangun perusahaan berkualitas tinggi dalam jangka panjang. Namun, Warren Buffett tidak selalu menjadi orang yang sukses seperti saat ini. Inilah kisah hidupnya.

Sang Legenda Investor dan Filantropis: Perjalanan Warren Buffett Menuju Kesuksesan

Warren Buffett lahir pada tahun 1930 di Omaha, Nebraska. Ayahnya adalah seorang broker saham dan ibunya adalah seorang ibu rumah tangga. Buffett mulai menunjukkan minat pada pasar saham sejak usia muda. Saat masih duduk di bangku SMA, ia membeli saham pertamanya seharga $38 per lembar saham. Saat ini, saham tersebut bernilai sekitar $250.000.

Setelah lulus dari SMA, Buffett melanjutkan pendidikannya di Universitas Nebraska-Lincoln dan kemudian melanjutkan kuliah di Universitas Columbia, di mana ia belajar di bawah Benjamin Graham, seorang analis investasi terkenal pada waktu itu. Di bawah bimbingan Graham, Buffett belajar tentang strategi investasi yang disebut nilai investasi.

Strategi ini melibatkan mencari saham-saham yang dihargai lebih rendah dari nilai wajar mereka dan menginvestasikan uang di dalamnya dengan harapan bahwa harganya akan naik. Buffett menjadi sangat terinspirasi oleh strategi ini dan kemudian memulai perjalanan karirnya sebagai investor.

Pada tahun 1956, Buffett membentuk perusahaan investasi pertamanya, Buffett Partnership Ltd. Perusahaan ini kemudian berkembang pesat dan menghasilkan keuntungan yang signifikan. Namun, pada tahun 1969, Buffett memutuskan untuk membubarkan perusahaan ini dan fokus pada investasi dalam perusahaan-perusahaan besar.

Pada tahun 1970, Buffett membeli saham di Berkshire Hathaway, sebuah perusahaan tekstil yang hampir bangkrut pada saat itu. Setelah mengambil alih perusahaan, Buffett memutuskan untuk mengubah fokusnya dari tekstil menjadi investasi. Sejak saat itu, Berkshire Hathaway telah menjadi salah satu perusahaan investasi terbesar di dunia.

Selama bertahun-tahun, Buffett telah membuat banyak investasi cerdas dan sukses. Ia telah membeli saham di perusahaan-perusahaan besar seperti Coca-Cola, American Express, dan Wells Fargo. Ia juga dikenal sebagai orang yang sangat menghargai integritas dalam bisnis dan berusaha untuk menghindari perusahaan yang tidak etis.

Selain sukses dalam bisnis, Buffett juga dikenal sebagai dermawan. Pada tahun 2010, ia dan Bill Gates meluncurkan kampanye "The Giving Pledge", di mana mereka mengajak orang-orang kaya untuk menyumbangkan setidaknya setengah dari kekayaan mereka untuk amal.

Dalam banyak hal, Warren Buffett adalah contoh inspiratif bagi orang-orang di seluruh dunia. Ia membuktikan bahwa dengan bekerja keras dan memiliki keahlian dalam investasi, seseorang dapat mencapai kesuksesan yang luar biasa dalam hidup. Selain itu, ia juga menunjukkan bahwa kesuksesan dapat dipadukan dengan integritas dan kejujuran, serta pentingnya untuk memberikan kembali kepada masyarakat melalui aksi filantropi.

Namun, tidak seperti kebanyakan miliarder lainnya, Buffett dikenal memiliki gaya hidup yang sederhana dan menghindari gaya hidup mewah yang biasa dilakukan oleh orang-orang kaya lainnya. Ia masih tinggal di rumah yang sama selama lebih dari 50 tahun, mengemudikan mobil buatan Amerika Serikat, dan menyukai makanan yang sederhana seperti burger dan kentang goreng. Gaya hidupnya yang sederhana membuat banyak orang menghormatinya sebagai sosok yang rendah hati dan jauh dari keserakahan.

Namun, Buffett juga tidak lepas dari kritik dan kontroversi. Ada beberapa kasus di mana perusahaannya Berkshire Hathaway terlibat dalam beberapa skandal, seperti kasus Salomon Brothers pada tahun 1991 dan Clayton Homes pada tahun 2003. Selain itu, ia juga dikritik karena menolak untuk mengembalikan pajak yang telah diperdebatkan oleh pemerintah.

Namun, meskipun terjadi beberapa kontroversi, kesuksesan Buffett sebagai investor dan dermawan yang diakui dunia tetap tidak terbantahkan. Ia adalah contoh inspiratif bagi banyak orang di seluruh dunia tentang bagaimana mencapai kesuksesan dalam bisnis dengan integritas dan kejujuran, serta memberikan kembali kepada masyarakat melalui aksi filantropi.

Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, Buffett telah memulai mengalihkan kepemilikannya dalam perusahaan Berkshire Hathaway kepada yayasan amal. Ia juga memberikan saran tentang investasi dan kehidupan kepada banyak orang melalui wawancara dan tulisannya. Kesuksesan dan kontribusinya dalam kehidupan dan bisnis tetap menjadi inspirasi bagi banyak orang di seluruh dunia, membuatnya menjadi salah satu tokoh terkemuka dalam sejarah dunia investasi.

Here are 20 facts about the State of Poland In the local language, the original name of the poles is polska.

Here are 20 facts about the State of Poland In the local language, the original name of the poles is polska.

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Here are 20 facts about the State of Poland 

Here are 20 facts about the State of Poland 

In the local language, the original name of the poles is polska.

The name is most likely derived from the phrase polska ziemia, which means land of poland. The term comes from the name of the polanie tribe, which is a group of western slavic tribes that inhabited the river valleys in greater Poland around the 6th to 8th centuries AD.

In ancient Polish, polanie can also be interpreted as a person living in open ground.

The land originally inhabited by the polanie people was also known as staropolska, or old poland, and later as wielkopolska, or large poland. Meanwhile, in polish literature, the name of this country is sometimes also referred to as lechia as an alternative name. The name comes from the name of lech, a legendary ruler of the lechites or lechitic tribe.

The design of the polish national flag consists of two colors, namely white and red. The design of the flag was first used in 1807, and was officially adopted as the flag of the country on May 2, 1919. The design of the flag is similar to the design of the flag of our country, only the layout is reversed.

In the polish constitution, white and red colors are defined as national colors. In addition, these two colors used traditionally represented the kingdom of poland in the past. But modern versions of the two colors today have different meanings.

The white color can be interpreted as a symbol of peace and hope for all poles, and the red color symbolizes the struggle for independence.

The national anthem of poland is mazurka dąbrowski. The song is also commonly known as jeszcze polska nie zginęla which means poland has not perished, the song was written in 1797 by jozef wybicki.

The song was composed in Italy, when polish troops were fighting against napoleon. The zloty or what is widely known as the polish zloty is the official currency of the republic of poland.

Currency It is one of the most traded currencies in the region of central and eastern Europe. The term zloty itself is an adjective form of the word zloto which means gold in Polish.

Internationally this currency is encoded with PLN. If we convert to the currency of our country, 1 polish zloty has an exchange rate of 3,329 rupiah.

As mentioned at the beginning, that Polish is the official language spoken in the country. However, did you know that Polish is considered one of the most difficult languages to learn in the world, especially for foreigners. This is related to pronunciation with the technique of bending the tongue which is considered quite difficult in pronouncing the word for word and the gender system is quite complex.

In addition, unlike the latin alphabet which has only 26 letters, the polish alphabet consists of 32 letters. Stretched across several geographical areas, poland is the 9th largest country on the continent.

With its territory having access to the sea, mountains, and open terrain, topographically, poland has one of the most diverse environments in europe.

The country has almost 800 kilometers of sandy coastline, sand dunes in the pomerania region, wetlands in the biebrzanski national park, and even has the only desert in central Europe, namely the pustynia błedowska.

Along with belarusians, poland is home to the last primeval forest on the continent. the forest is the bialowieza forest, it is one of the last and largest remaining parts of the ancient forest that once spanned almost the entire plains of Europe.

By UNESCO this bialoweiza national park was designated as one of the world heritage sites in 1976. Poland is also home to european bison.

The animal is said to be the heaviest land mammal in europe, this is because european bison weigh an average of more than 600 kilograms. This extinct animal in parts of Europe and Asia can still be found wandering in the national park of bialowieza, poland.

Not only the bialowieza national park, the country is home to more than 1,300 lakes and 24 national parks. Poland also has one of the richest geothermal water resources in europe spread over a third of the country.

Known as the polish underground salt cathedral, the wieliczka salt mine or kopalnia soli wieliczka located in the krakow region is one of the oldest functional salt mines in the world.

Built in the 13th century, it is also one of the UNESCO heritage sites that exist in the country of Poland Since it was built in the 13th century, this underground salt mine has been producing salt continuously until 2007.

What's interesting about this salt mine located 135 meters underground is that those of you who visit here will be treated to views of the room, statues, chandeliers, and the entire chapel carved from rock salt.

In all, Poland has as many as 17 UNESCO world heritage sites and among them is the largest castle in the world which is malbork castle.

Measured by land area the castle of the fortification of the teutonic order built in the 13th century in the city of malbork this is the largest castle in the world. There is also a historical center or old town of Warsaw which is also one of the UNESCO world heritage sites.

You know, in its history, during World War II more than 80% of the city was destroyed. Interestingly, after the war ended the city was rebuilt by looking at detailed paintings by bernardo bellotto.

So it can be said that the old city of Warsaw that we see today is not entirely original. In the history of World War II, the highest number of mass murders committed by the nazis during the era occurred in poland.

At least about 1.1 million people from different parts of europe were massacred in the auschwitz-birkenau concentration camp, with more than 80% of them being Jews. Poland adopted its first written constitution in the spring of 1791, which was the first legal form of constitution and document in europe and the 2nd in the world.

But unfortunately, it only lasted for only 14 months and 3 weeks before finally poland was partitioned for more than 100 years by the russian empire, prussia and austria.

Poland is probably one of the countries that has fought for independence more than any other country in the world, which is about 40 times.

The country was even briefly lost to the world map after it was partitioned by the russian empire, prussia and austria. Poland only reappeared to the world map as a sovereign state after the end of world war II. Poland is one of the most educated countries in europe.

With about 90% of the population completing high school and 50% of citizens of this country having a bachelor's degree.

Research shows that students in poland perform better academically than in most member countries of the organization for economic co-operation and development or OECD Higher education in poland is free for polish citizens.

International students usually have to pay relatively low tuition fees to study in the country. The jagiellonian university founded in 1364, was the first institution of higher education established in poland, and is one of the oldest universities still in operation to this day.

Nicolaus copernicus and pope john paul II were two world-renowned figures who graduated from this university. In addition to free education, one of the advantages of citizens in Poland, is that his government provides benefits for people who have not had a job for 12 months.

if it is more than 12 months, then the polish government will dismiss the allowance. This country also has a fairly unique name rule, almost all Polish people always give their daughters names with the suffix of the letter A. This is because they believe that the letter A is a symbol of the soul of feminism or the rise of women.

A Small Country Of 160 km² This Is The State Of Liechtenstein

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A Small Country Of 160 km² This Is The State Of Liechtenstein

A Small Country Of 160 km² This Is The State Of Liechtenstein

Here are 20 Facts About The State of Liechtenstein.

Prince was one of the royal titles of Europe, prince in the feudal order of classical Europe was also a leader of a kingdom commonly referred to as principality.

Judging from the naming, the prince's fiefdom is much smaller to say as an empire. In this article, we will discuss one of the princely states that is generally recognized as a sovereign state.

Maybe some of you have seen the liechtenstein article in this cahannel before. But with some consideration we recreate this country article with a new version and more complete material.

The state of liechtenstein or officially named principality of liechtenstein, is one of the sovereign princely states recognized by the world in general.

The country is located in the valleys of the alps in europe. Liechtenstein is one of only 2 countries that are double landlocked in the world or what in terms is known as double landlocked countries.

Double landlocked is a term to describe a country that is adjacent to other countries that are equally confined by land. Liechtenstein itself borders the swiss state in the western and southern parts, as well as with the austrian state in the eastern and northern parts where the two countries are also landlocked countries.

The area of the territory of the state of liechtenstein is about 160 square kilometers. Based on the extent, it is one of the smallest sovereign states in the world. If we compare with the area in Indonesia, the area of this country is almost the same size as the city of Bandung which has an area of 167.67 square kilometers.

The total population of liechtenstein based on estimated data in 2020 is 38,896 inhabitants, known as liechtensteiner. The majority of liechtensteiners are adherents of the Christian religion, with a percentage reaching 83.2%.

Although according to the constitution of liechtenstein catholicism is the official religion of the state, yet the country offers protection to adherents of all religions, and considers the religious interests of the people as a priority of the government.

This Is The State Of Liechtenstein - Liechtenstein is a city of Vaduz the city located along the rhine river it is home to the ruling princes of liechtenstein and the families of the princes of liechtenstein. While its largest city is the city of schaan which is also the most populous administrative district in liechtenstein. The city also represents an important traffic center and industrial location for the country.

As the name suggests, the principality of liechtenstein, or principality of liechtenstein, is a semi-constitutional monarchical state with the ruling prince being the head of state and representing liechtenstein in its international relations, while executive authority is held by a government headed by the prime minister and four members of government councils or ministers.

The head of government and other ministers were appointed by the prince on the proposal of the parliament. The current head of state of liechtenstein is prince hans-adam II who ascended the throne since 13 november 1989, succeeding his father prince franz joseph II.

While the post of prime minister of liechtenstein is currently held by prime minister daniel risch who has been in office since march 2021 Economically, liechtenstein has one of the highest GDP per capita in the world when adjusted for purchasing power parity.

Despite the country's limited natural resources, liechtenstein is one of the few countries in the world that has more registered companies than its citizens. The country has developed a free enterprise economy, a prosperous and highly developed industry, and boasts of a financial services sector.

The industrial sector in liechtenstein includes the electronics industry, textiles, precision instruments, metal manufacturing, power tools, pharmaceuticals and food products.

In addition, the agricultural sector of liechtenstein also takes part in the country's economy, some of its agricultural productions are wheat, barley, corn, potatoes, dairy products, livestock and wine.

History of Liechtenstein In ancient times, the area that is today liechtenstein was part of the province of raetia, which was one of the provinces of the roman empire.

Then around the beginning of the middle ages, these territories were incorporated into the carolingian empire and divided into several duchies, which were then further divided over several generations.

The duchies of vaduz and schellenberg that make up modern liechtenstein repeatedly changed hands between 1416 and 1613, and eventually ended with counts of hohenems. Under the rule of the house or the hohenem dynasty, vaduz and schellenberg experienced one of the saddest chapters in history.

The region was invaded by austrian troops and swedish troops during the 30-year war in 1618 to 1648, then during the 17th century the region was plagued by plague and also witch hunts, in which more than 100 people were tortured and executed.

Due to huge losses, the hohenem dynasty was forced to sell the duchies of vaduz and schellenberg to the house or dynasty of liechtenstein in 1699 and 1712. In 1719, the holy roman emperor charles VI unified vaduz and schellenberg and later elevated the region to the rank of reichsfurstentum or imperial principality.

Therefore, liechtenstein later became a sovereign member of the holy roman empire, and the princes and successors of the house of liechtenstein became princes of the holy roman empire.

Early in the 19th century, after napoleon's victory over the roman empire, napoleon reorganized most of the empire into rhein confederations, these confederations were confederations of client states or satellite states of the french empire.

This restructuring had a huge impact on the kingdom of liechtenstein as the history of the empire, law and political institutions were dissolved. And the state no longer had any obligations to feudal lords beyond its borders.

After the rhein confederation was dissolved on 19 October 1813, the kingdom of liechtenstein merged into the german confederation led by the austrian emperor in 1815.

Liechtenstein gained independence from the german confederation on August 24, 1866, and celebrated August 15 as a national day since 1940 this was decided because it was related to the birthday of prince franz-josef II.

Until the end of world war I, liechtenstein were closely tied to the austrian empire and then to the austro-hungarian emperor, the ruling princes continued to derive much of their wealth from the estates of the hasburg region, and spent most of their time in their two palaces in vienna.

At the time of the dissolution of the austro-hungarian empire, it was said that liechtenstein as a fiefdom of the holy Romans, was no longer tied to the newly emerging independent state in austria.

During the period of World War I, liechtenstein did not participate and claimed the neutrality of its country As well as during world war II, it officially remained neutral.

The country sought help and guidance from its neighboring country, switzerland, which also became neutral. While family property from dynastic lands and possessions in bohemia, Moravia and selisia were taken to liechtenstein for safekeeping.

At the end of World War II Czechoslovakia and the Poles acted to transfer what they considered to belong to the Germans in three regions namely bohemia, moravia and silesia.

The takeover covered more than 1600 square kilometers of farmland and forests and several family palaces and castles.

Liechtenstein citizens were also barred from entering czechoslovakia during the cold war era The conflict involved international tribunals.

This conflict also made the relationship between liechtenstein and czechoslovakia disharmonious. Diplomatic relations were re-established with the czech republic and the Slovak republic in 2009. That is a summary of the history of the state of liechtenstein and as always to get to know more about this country, here are 20 facts about the state of liechtenstein.

Here are 20 Facts About The State of Liechtenstein.

The country of the Former Soviet Union! Here are the Facts and History of Latvia

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The country of the Former Soviet Union! Here are the Facts and History of Latvia

The country of the Former Soviet Union! Here are the Facts and History of Latvia

Here are 20 Facts About The Country of Latvia

Baltic states are a term in geopolitics to group the countries in the northeastern coastal region of the baltics that exist in northern Europe. Currently the group of countries called baltic states there are 3 countries, namely: estonia, latvia and lithuania. In this article, we will discuss one of the baltic states in northern Europe, namely the Republic of Latvia.

More details about the country of latvia, here's the video. The Republic of Latvia, or commonly known as the latvian state is one of the countries in the baltic region, northern Europe. The territory of latvia is categorized as one of the baltic states, which is a geopolitical term and is used to group the sovereign states on the northeast coast of the baltic.

The country has an area of 64,589 square kilometers, or about 2,748 square kilometers larger than the province of central sulawesi in indonesia. Latvia shares a border with the country of Estonia in the north, lithuania in the south, with the country of russia to the east as well as the country of belarus in the southeast, and also borders the sea with the country of sweden in the west.

The country of latvia has a population of about 1,907,675 inhabitants, the country has a city in the city of riga, which is also the largest city in latvia. Latvians and livonians are indigenous in the country of latvia. The country uses Latvian as the official language in its country. Latvia is a unitary state whose territory is divided into 119 administrative divisions.

The form of government of the latvian state is a parliamentary republic. Latvia is led by a president as head of state and the prime minister as head of government. The president of latvia is elected by the latvian parliament known by the name of saeima for a period of 4 years, then the president appoints a prime minister with his cabinet, and forms the executive branch of the government. Latvia is a country with a developed and high-income economy, the country's economy was in a slump after experiencing a crisis in 2007 which was then exacerbated by the global crisis in 2008.

But in 2011, latvia became one of the fastest growing economies in the european union. The country ranks 39th in the world in the human development index, the country is well rated on the measurement of civil liberties, press freedom, internet freedom, democratic governance, peace and a good standard of living.

History of latvia Around 3000 BC, the proto-baltic ancestors of the latvian people settled in the region of the northeast coast of the baltic, the baltic peoples made the region a trade route to rome and byzantium for the trade in precious metals. By 900 AD, the latvian region had been inhabited by about 4 different baltic tribes namely the curonians, latgalians, selonians, semigallians and finnic tribes of livonians.

In the 12th century the territory of latvia was divided into 14 parts with their respective 14 rulers. In 1184 saint meinhard of segeberg, a German who was a canon or priest in the catholic church, traveled with livonian merchants to the region, in the framework of a catholic mission to convert the population from their pagan faith. When the peaceful ways of repentance did not pay off, the meinhard planned to turn the livonians with the power of arms.

Finally At the beginning of the 13th century, the Germans managed to control part of the territory currently known as latvia. These conquered areas later formed a crusader state that became known as terra mariana or livonia. After the livonian wars in 1558 to 1583, the region then fell under the rule of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth.

In the 17th to early 18th centuries, the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth, the swedish empire and the russian empire competed with each other for supremacy in the eastern baltic region. After the swedish-polish war, the territory of northern livoonia came under swedish rule. Until this period, the territory of latvia belonged to livoonia underwent some quite important cultural changes.

Under swedish rule and mostly germans, western latvia adopted lutheranism as its main religion. And the southern latgallians who were under polish rule adopted catholicism. In the year 1721 the great northern war ended, the great northern war was a conflict between an alliance of countries led by the russian tsardom to fight for swedish imperial supremacy in the territories of northern, central and eastern Europe.

This war was won by the alliance states of russia in 1721. In 1795, all the territories currently known as Latvians were under imperial rule in Russia. The region was incorporated into the territory of the autonomous provinces of Russia by retaining their own local laws, language and parliament. After the end of world war I on November 11, 1918, the latvian people's council proclaimed the independence of the latvian state on November 18, 1918.

The latvian constitution, also known as satversme, was adopted in February 1922, after a previous session was held through the constitutional assembly of the latvian society in 1920. In 1934 karlis ulmanis who was the prime minister of latvia carried out a coup against the latvian parliamentary system. Ulmanis took over the main office of the country, proclaimed the warring state in latvia, suspended the constituency, dissolved all political parties and parliaments.

He later established an executive non-perlementary authoritarian regime in which he ruled as prime minister. The ulmanist regime lasted until the soviet occupation of latvia in 1940. On October 5, 1939, the latvians were forced to accept a "mutual aid" pact with the soviet union, which gave the soviets the right to station about 25,000 to 30,000 troops on the territory of the latvians. The state administrator was liquidated and replaced by cadres from the soviets.

On August 5, 1940, the soviet union incorporated latvia as a latvian soviet sausageist republic. But this soviet effort was met with resistance from the latvians, in less than a year at least about 34,250 latvians were deported or killed by the soviet government.

Most of the people were deported to siberia. In 1941, german forces attacked soviet forces in latvia in barbarossa operation, the soviet army occupying the area was defeated by the german army and the latvian was then occupied by the germans.

By the Germans latvians were administered as part of the reichskommissariat ostland along with estonia and lithuania. In 1944, fierce fighting took place in latvia between german troops and soviet troops, this battle ended in defeat on the german side, and again part of latvian territory was under soviet control. The Soviets who again occupied the region then began to restore the soviet system.

During that era about 120,000 to 300,000 Latvians took refuge in the soviet army by fleeing to germany and sweden. In the 1980s, soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began to introduce political and economic reforms in the soviet union called glasnot and perestroika.

In the summer of 1987, there was a large demonstration held at the monument to freedom in the city of riga. In 1988, the latvian soviet sausageist republic along with other baltic republics were given greater autonomy than the soviet government.

In 1989, the soviet supreme council of the soviet union adopted a resolution on the occupation of the baltic states, by which he declared the occupation inconsistent with the law and not the will of the soviet people.

The supreme soviet council of the soviet union or which in English is the supreme soviet of the soviet union is the most authoritative legislative body of the union of soviet socialist republics and the only body that has the power to approve constitutional amendments.

On May 4, 1990, the supreme council adopted the declaration of restoration of latvian independence, and the socialist republic of latvia was renamed the republic of latvia. But in January 1991, pro-communist political forces tried to restore soviet power in latvia with military force, however latvian demonstrators managed to stop soviet troops from occupying strategic positions in latvia, on August 21, 1991 after a failed soviet coup attempt, the parliament chose to end the transition period and restore full independence of latvia.

That is a summary of the history about the country of latvia, and to get to know more about this country,

Here are 20 Facts About The Country of Latvia